Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 396

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 388

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 382

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 400

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 78

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 72

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 59

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 82

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/faanimation/vc-extensions-faanimation.php on line 77

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/dagallery/vc-extensions-dagallery.php on line 197

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/depthmodal/vc-extensions-depthmodal.php on line 409

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/depthmodal/vc-extensions-depthmodal.php on line 444

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/depthmodal/vc-extensions-depthmodal.php on line 486

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/ihover/vc-extensions-ihover.php on line 410

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/profilecard/vc-extensions-profilecard.php on line 162

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/testimonialcarousel/vc-extensions-testimonialcarousel.php on line 290

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/figurenav/vc-extensions-figurenav.php on line 276

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/ribbon/vc-extensions-ribbon.php on line 190

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/mediumgallery/vc-extensions-mediumgallery.php on line 89

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/productcover/vc-extensions-productcover.php on line 164

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/imagewitharrow/vc-extensions-imagewitharrow.php on line 212

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/parallax/vc-extensions-parallax.php on line 153

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/buttons/vc-extensions-cqbutton.php on line 109

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/hotspot/vc-extensions-hotspot.php on line 251

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/todolist/vc-extensions-todolist.php on line 429

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/todolist/vc-extensions-todolist.php on line 504

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/accordion/vc-extensions-accordion.php on line 297

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/tabs/vc-extensions-tabs.php on line 290

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/tabs/vc-extensions-tabs.php on line 370

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/carousel/vc-extensions-carousel.php on line 231

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/zoomimage/vc-extensions-zoomimage.php on line 204

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/metrocarousel/vc-extensions-metrocarousel.php on line 236

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/draggabletimeline/vc-extensions-draggabletimeline.php on line 216

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/thumbnailcaption/vc-extensions-thumbnailcaption.php on line 169

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/fullscreenintro/vc-extensions-fullscreenintro.php on line 154

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/pagetransition/vc-extensions-pagetransition.php on line 116

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/separator/vc-extensions-separator.php on line 547

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/materialcard/vc-extensions-materialcard.php on line 322

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/cubebox/vc-extensions-cubebox.php on line 721

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/sidebyside/vc-extensions-sidebyside.php on line 770

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/imageoverlay/vc-extensions-imageoverlay.php on line 354

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/flipbox/vc-extensions-flipbox.php on line 590

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/bannerblock/vc-extensions-bannerblock.php on line 729

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/beforeafter/vc-extensions-beforeafter.php on line 360

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/compareslider/vc-extensions-compareslider.php on line 175

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/imageoverlay2/vc-extensions-imageoverlay2.php on line 418

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/imageaccordion/vc-extensions-imageaccordion.php on line 144

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/profilepanel/vc-extensions-profilepanel.php on line 662

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/videocover/vc-extensions-videocover.php on line 333

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/stackblock/vc-extensions-stackblock.php on line 81

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/gradientbox/vc-extensions-gradientbox.php on line 573

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/vectorcard/vc-extensions-vectorcard.php on line 572

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/avatarwithpopup/vc-extensions-avatarwithpopup.php on line 567

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/coverslider/vc-extensions-coverslider.php on line 226

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/colorblock/vc-extensions-colorblock.php on line 138

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/testimoniallist/vc-extensions-testimoniallist.php on line 323

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/homeslider/vc-extensions-homeslider.php on line 200

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/accordioncover/vc-extensions-accordioncover.php on line 144

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/hovercard/vc-extensions-hovercard.php on line 361

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/backgroundbutton/vc-extensions-backgroundbutton.php on line 451

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/diamondgrid/vc-extensions-diamondgrid.php on line 384

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/expandgrid/vc-extensions-expandgrid.php on line 504

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/chatbubble/vc-extensions-chatbubble.php on line 350

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/skewbox/vc-extensions-skewbox.php on line 339

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/materialslider/vc-extensions-materialslider.php on line 237

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/stepcard/vc-extensions-stepcard.php on line 347

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/timelinecard/vc-extensions-timelinecard.php on line 395

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/flipboxv2/vc-extensions-flipboxv2.php on line 748

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/hovercardv2/vc-extensions-hovercardv2.php on line 718

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/timeline/vc-extensions-timeline.php on line 354

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/imagecompare/vc-extensions-imagecompare.php on line 258

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/profilecardv2/vc-extensions-profilecardv2.php on line 421

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/datatable/vc-extensions-datatable.php on line 330

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/floatblock/vc-extensions-floatblock.php on line 343

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/sidebysidev2/vc-extensions-sidebysidev2.php on line 229

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/userprofile/vc-extensions-userprofile.php on line 491

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/cardslider/vc-extensions-cardslider.php on line 391

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/imagetoggle/vc-extensions-imagetoggle.php on line 237

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/coveranimation/vc-extensions-coveranimation.php on line 228

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/newsblock/vc-extensions-newsblock.php on line 382

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/morecaption/vc-extensions-morecaption.php on line 310

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/morecaptionv2/vc-extensions-morecaptionv2.php on line 474

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/floatcaption/vc-extensions-floatcaption.php on line 190

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/imageslider/vc-extensions-imageslider.php on line 328

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/videogallery/vc-extensions-videogallery.php on line 326

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/skewcard/vc-extensions-skewcard.php on line 373

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/dotselection/vc-extensions-dotselection.php on line 238

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/infoblock/vc-extensions-infoblock.php on line 518

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/loadingslideshow/vc-extensions-loadingslideshow.php on line 462

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/parallaxslider/vc-extensions-parallaxslider.php on line 298

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/comparecard/vc-extensions-comparecard.php on line 540

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/gridpopup/vc-extensions-gridpopup.php on line 554

Deprecated: Optional parameter $content declared before required parameter $tag is implicitly treated as a required parameter in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/vc-extensions-bundle/foldingcard/vc-extensions-foldingcard.php on line 591

Deprecated: version_compare(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($version2) of type string is deprecated in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/wp-maintenance-mode/vendor/codeinwp/themeisle-sdk/load.php on line 31

Deprecated: version_compare(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($version2) of type string is deprecated in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/wp-maintenance-mode/vendor/codeinwp/themeisle-sdk/load.php on line 36

Deprecated: Return type of Recursive_ArrayAccess::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/src/lib/wp_session/class-recursive-arrayaccess.php on line 87

Deprecated: Return type of Recursive_ArrayAccess::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/src/lib/wp_session/class-recursive-arrayaccess.php on line 100

Deprecated: Return type of Recursive_ArrayAccess::offsetSet($offset, $data) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/src/lib/wp_session/class-recursive-arrayaccess.php on line 114

Deprecated: Return type of Recursive_ArrayAccess::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/src/lib/wp_session/class-recursive-arrayaccess.php on line 136

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Session::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/src/lib/wp_session/class-wp-session.php on line 269

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Session::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/src/lib/wp_session/class-wp-session.php on line 291

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Session::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/src/lib/wp_session/class-wp-session.php on line 280

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Session::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/src/lib/wp_session/class-wp-session.php on line 313

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Session::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/src/lib/wp_session/class-wp-session.php on line 302

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Session::count() should either be compatible with Countable::count(): int, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/src/lib/wp_session/class-wp-session.php on line 328

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Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Cookie_Jar::offsetExists($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-includes/Requests/Cookie/Jar.php on line 63

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Cookie_Jar::offsetGet($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/novellatacci/marianovellatacci.it/wp-includes/Requests/Cookie/Jar.php on line 73

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Psicodinamica e patologia nelle organizzazioni - Parte 1 - Maria Novella Tacci
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Psicodinamica e patologia nelle organizzazioni – Parte 1

Premessa

Alcune teorie vedono l’organizzazione come un organismo con tutte le irrazionalità, gli stati emotivi, le incoerenze, i rituali, i simboli che caratterizzano l’individuo. Molti studi evidenziano le patologie presenti nelle organizzazioni e classificano le disfunzioni che si possono riscontrare; per esempio, Kets de Vries descrive 5 stili nevrotici che si possono presentare nelle organizzazioni: paranoide, ossessiva, isterica, depressiva, schizoide. Ognuno di questi stili presenta tratti principali e caratteristiche che ne definiscono la cultura, le azioni ed i comportamenti degli individui che ne fanno parte.

Ci sono elementi che non si possono ignorare se si vuole gestire le organizzazioni con passione.

M.R.F Kets De Vries e l’organizzazione nevrotica

M.F.R. Kets De Vries è uno psicologo franco-canadese, che ha diretto l’INSEAD e si è occupato della preparazione di manager e leader di organizzazioni aziendali e politiche; nel 1984 scrive il libro intitolato “L’organizzazione nevrotica”, dove afferma che esiste una sorta di “mano invisibile” che opera nelle organizzazioni, “queste forze nascoste spesso producono disfunzioni organizzative che appaiono estremamente irrazionali.

Nel suo libro si concentra in particolar modo sulle disfunzioni organizzative, sulle organizzazioni e sui gruppi “ammalati”. Cerca di analizzare il rapporto tra stili nevrotici individuali ed organizzazioni nevrotiche; l’assunto fondamentale è che: “la personalità dei manager può influire sulla strategia ed anche sulla struttura di un’organizzazione“.

Spesso la cultura organizzativa agisce come “fattore discriminante di attrazione” per particolari tipi di persone. Anche se le cause dei comportamenti vengono ricondotte al “mondo interno” dei soggetti, essi possono alimentare “fantasie condivise” che invadono l’intera organizzazione ed influenzano gli altri membri che la compongono.

Si può cercare di analizzare e descrivere le patologie organizzative con l’analisi dei rapporti fra cultura dell’organizzazione e personalità dell’individuo. Per cultura non si intendono solo l’insieme delle norme e dei valori condivisi, i principi e le abitudini quindi il “volto dichiarato”, ma piuttosto le dinamiche profonde, le emozioni, i vissuti spesso inconsci che compongono l’organizzazione. Kets De Vries sottolinea la presenza del rapporto di interdipendenza fra individuo e cultura dell’organizzazione di appartenenza, infatti se da una parte è l’individuo che sceglie e determina la cultura, dall’altra è la cultura organizzativa che seleziona ed influenza la personalità dell’individuo.

Secondo gli stili nevrotici, che sono caratterizzati da una fantasia prevalente, cioé un “pensiero fisso” diffuso tra i componenti di un’organizzazione, i vari tipi di organizzazione risultano essere:

  • PARANOIDE: caratterizzata dalla diffidenza e mancanza di fiducia verso gli altri, ipervigilanza, insicurezza. Viene percepita, all’interno, una costante minaccia esterna (per esempio la concorrenza), la presenza di una forza sovrastante e minacciosa pronta a colpire è una delle fantasie ricorrenti; di conseguenza si noteranno atteggiamenti difensivi.
  • OSSESSIVA: in cui prevarrà perfezionismo, preoccupazione per i dettagli e insistenza, lo scopo sarà l’ottenimento del consenso generale. Vi sarà il bisogno di adempire allo svolgimento delle attività. Spesso ci saranno eccessivi controlli, una formalità che prevarrà sul contenuto, si cercheranno di evitare le sorprese e di annullare le incertezze.
  • ISTERICA: le organizzazioni di questo tipo saranno iperattive, impulsive, temerarie e prive di inibizioni. Avranno leader narcisisti che daranno molta importanza all’immagine esteriore. Vi sarà inoltre superficialità e mancanza di controllo.
  • DEPRESSIVA: al contrario dell’organizzazione isterica, questa sarà caratterizzata da inattività, mancanza di fiducia, demotivazione, inadeguatezza, conservazione e isolamento. Sono spesso organizzate in modo burocratico, in cui gli aspetti peculiari sono la routine, staticità e automaticità. La fantasia predominante è l’inutilità dei risultati conseguiti che pervade i soggetti che ne fanno parte. I manager saranno pervasi da apatia e passività, e saranno quindi predisposti a un “disturbo alessitimico”.
  • SCHIZOIDE: le caratteristiche principali saranno distacco, mancanza di coinvolgimento, tendenza a rinchiudersi, estraniazione, indifferenza, individualismo, disinteresse. I leader oltre ad essere distaccati emotivamente, presenteranno il mondo esterno popolato da individui che non meritano la loro fiducia e che per questo alimentano l’infelicità. La fantasia dominante sarà rappresentata da un senso di insoddisfazione verso il mondo.

Questi sono gli stili nevrotici illustrati da Kets De Vries, tuttavia non viene spiegato l’effettivo legame tra il disturbo di personalità del leader ed il riproporsi del disturbo nella cultura organizzativa. A tal proposito, per cercare di spiegare meglio questo punto, riprende gli assunti di base teorizzati da Bion e presenti in un gruppo di lavoro.